Apparatus and method for providing panoramic images

ABSTRACT

A method and system of merging a pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image including the following steps. A set of feature points are extracted along the edges of the images, each feature point defining an edge orientation. A set of registration parameters is obtained by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images. A seamless panoramic image is rendered using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an apparatus, algorithm, and method for stitching different pieces of images of a scene into a panoramic environment map.

BACKGROUND

The most common way to electronically represent the real world is with image data. Unlike traditional graph-based systems, there are systems which use panoramic images to construct a virtual world. The major advantage of a system which uses panoramic images is that very vivid and photo-realistic rendering results can be obtained even when using PCs. In addition, the cost of constructing the virtual world is independent of scene complexity. In such systems, panoramic images are stitched together into a panoramic map from several individual images which are acquired by rotating a camera horizontally or vertically. This panoramic map can be used in different applications such as movie special effects, the creation of virtual reality, or games. A typical problem is how to stitch the different pieces of a scene into a larger picture or map. One approach to address this problem is to manually establish correspondences between images to solve unknown parameters of their relative transformation. Because manual methods are tedious for large applications, automatic schemes are preferably used for generating a seamless panoramic image from different pieces of images.

One proposed approach uses a nonlinear minimization algorithm for automatically stitching panoramic images by minimizing the discrepancy in intensities between images. This approach has the advantage of not requiring easily identifiable features. However, this technique does not guarantee finding the global minimum if the selection of starting points is not proper. Further because the optimization process is time-consuming, the approach is inefficient. In this invention, the domain of images under consideration is panoramic images.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention allows users to generate panoramic images from a sequence of images acquired by a camera rotated about its optical center. In general, the invention combines feature extraction, correlation, and relaxation techniques to get a number of reliable and robust matching pairs used to derive registration parameters. Based on the obtained registration parameters, different pieces of consecutive images can-be stitched together to obtain a seamless panoramic image.

In a first aspect, a method of merging a pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image includes the following steps. A set of feature points along the edges of the images is extracted, each feature point defining an edge orientation. A set of registration parameters is obtained by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images. A seamless panoramic image is rendered using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.

The invention provides a feature-based approach for automatically stitching panoramic images acquired by a rotated camera and obtaining a set of matching pairs from a set of feature points for registration. Since the feature points are extracted along the edges, each feature point specifies an edge orientation. Because the orientation difference between two panoramic images is relatively small, the difference between edge orientations of two feature points is also small if they are good matches. Based on this assumption, edge information of feature points can be used to eliminate in advance many false matches by checking their orientation difference. Moreover, many unnecessary calculations involving cross-correlation can be screened in advance, thereby significantly reducing the search time needed for obtaining correct matching pairs. After checking, by calculating the value of correlation of the remaining matching pairs, a set of possible matches can be selected with a predefined threshold. The set of possible matches are further verified through a relaxation scheme by calculating the quality of their matches. Once all of the correct matching pairs are found, they are then used to derive registration parameters. In this invention, an iterative scheme is applied to increase the reliability in providing matching results. Since only three iteration or fewer are needed and only a few feature points are involved in the matching pairs, the whole procedure can be accomplished very efficiently. Also, as discussed above, because the orientation difference of two feature points is checked in advance (before matching). Many calculations involving cross-correlation are not required and the efficiency of stitching is significantly improved. Compared with conventional algorithms, the proposed scheme offers improved efficiency and reliability for stitching images.

Embodiments of this aspect of the invention may include one or more of the following features. In one embodiment, a set of feature points are first extracted through wavelet formations. Among other advantages, the invention uses wavelet transforms to obtain a number of feature points with edge orientations. Such edge information can speed up the entire registration process by eliminating many impossible matches in advance and avoiding many unnecessary calculations of correlation. The method determines a number of reliable and robust matching pairs through relaxation. The method also measures the quality of a matching pair, imposes angle consistency constraint for improving the robustness of registration, and uses a voting concept to get the desired solution from the set of final matching results.

In other embodiments, the method forms the final panoramic image with the help of the registration results. In particular, the method adjusts the intensity differences between consecutive input images and blends the intensities of adjacent images to obtain a seamless panoramic image. The final panoramic images can then be used to build a virtual world.

Still other embodiments may include one or more of the following features:

For example, the method selects a number of feature points through wavelet transforms. Each feature point is associated with an edge orientation so that the speed of the registration process is increased.

The method uses an angle constraint to construct a set of matching pairs, which are used to obtain reliable matching results through a relaxation and a voting technique. The set of matching results are then used to form the final seamless panoramic image.

Constructing an initial set of matching pairs for registration includes comparing the edge orientation differences of feature points in one image and its corresponding feature points in another, calculating the values of correlation of each possible matching pair, and thresholding them with a predefined threshold.

Getting reliable matching results through relaxation and a voting technique includes calculating the quality of a matching pair, imposing angle consistency constraint to filter out impossible matching pairs, updating matching results through relaxation, and using the voting technique to obtain the reliable registration parameters. In addition, it refines the final registration results by using the correlation technique with a proper starting point.

Forming the final panoramic images includes dynamically adjusting and properly blending the intensity differences between adjacent images.

In another aspect, the invention features a system for merging pairs of images to form a panoramic image. The system includes an imaging device which, in operation, acquires a series of images, a storage for storing a series of images, a memory which stores computer code, and at least one processor which executes computer code to extract a set of feature points along the edges of the images, each feature point defining an edge orientation and to obtain a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images, and to render a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.

Other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description, including the claims and the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an approach for generating a virtual panoramic world.

FIG. 2 shows the geometry for cylindrical mapping.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the steps used to extract feature points from images using wavelet transform.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the steps used to obtain an initial set of matches using edge orientations and correlation values.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating the relaxation procedure used to obtain a set of reliable matching pairs.

FIG. 6 illustrates adjusting intensities of I_(a) and I_(b) such that their intensity differences are small.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example for a blending technique.

FIG. 8 shows an architecture for implementing the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a series of input images for stitching.

FIG. 10 shows the stitching result obtained by the proposed stitcher.

FIG. 11 shows images used to demonstrate the ghost-like effect.

FIG. 12 shows how the ghostlike effect is removed: (a) with a wider blending width and (b) with a narrower blending width.

DESCRIPTION

Referring first to the flow diagram of FIG. 1, a method of the general steps of generating a seamless panoramic image from different pieces of an image is shown.

Input Image Warping

In general, it is difficult to seamlessly stitch two adjacent images together to form a panoramic image due to perspective distortion introduced by a camera. To remove the effects of this distortion, these images are preferably reprojected onto a simple geometry, e.g., a cube, a cylinder, or a sphere. In many applications, a cylindrical geometry is preferable since its associated geometrical transformation is simple. In this example, the cylindrical geometry is used. FIG. 2 illustrates the relationship between the cylindrical surface ▭pqrs and film plane ▭PQRS of the camera. Note that the plane ▭PQRS is tangent to the cylindrical surface ▭pqrs. Let O denote the optical center, C the center of image plane, f the focal length and r the radius of the cylinder. Further, assume that P(x, y) is a pixel in the image plane and p(u, v) is its corresponding pixel in the cylindrical map. Using FIG. 2, the coordinates of p (u, v) can be obtained as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{u = {{{r\angle C}\mspace{14mu}{OB}} = {{r\;\tan^{- 1}\frac{\overset{\_}{CB}}{\overset{\_}{OC}}} = {r\;\tan^{- 1}\frac{x}{f}}}}},} & (1) \end{matrix}$ and

$\begin{matrix} {v = {{r\;\frac{\overset{\_}{PB}}{\overset{\_}{OB}}} = {r\;{\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + f^{2}}}.}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ Moreover, since the radius r is equal to f, Equations (1) and (2) can be rewritten as follows: u=f tan⁻¹x/f and

$\begin{matrix} {v = {f\;{\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + f^{2}}}.}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$ Based on Eqs. (3) and (4), input images are provided and then (step 10) warped into a cylindrical map for further registration to construct a complete panoramic scene (step 11).

Feature Extraction Using Wavelet Transform

Referring again to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, once the input images have been warped, useful features required for registration are extracted (step 12). This process advantageously uses a wavelet transform for feature extraction (step 31). In particular, all of the feature points are detected along the edges. First, let S(x, y) be a 2-D smoothing function. Two wavelets, ψ¹(x, y) and ψ²(x, y) are the partial derivatives of the smoothing function S(x,y) in the x and y directions, respectively, where

${\psi^{1}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \frac{\partial\;{S\left( {x,y} \right)}}{\partial x}$ and

${\psi^{2}\left( {x,y} \right)} = {\frac{\partial\;{S\left( {x,y} \right)}}{\partial y}.}$ Let

$\psi_{2^{j}}^{1} = {\frac{1}{4^{j}}{\psi^{1}\left( {\frac{x}{2^{j}},\frac{y}{2^{j}}} \right)}}$ and

${\psi_{2^{j}}^{2} = {\frac{1}{4^{j}}{\psi^{2}\left( {\frac{x}{2^{j}},\frac{y}{2^{j}}} \right)}}},$ At each scale 2^(j), the 2-D wavelet transform of a function I(x,y) in L²(R²) can be decomposed into two independent directions as follows: W₂ _(j) ¹I(x, y)=I*ψ₂ _(j) ¹(x, y) and W₂ _(j) ²I(x, y)=I*ψ₂ _(j) ²(x, y). Basically, these two components are equivalent to the gradients of I(x,y) smoothed by S(x,y) at scale 2^(j) in the x and y directions. At a specific scale s=2^(i), the modulus of the gradient vector of f(x,y) can be calculated as follows: M₂ _(j) I(x, y)=√{square root over (|W¹ ₂ _(j) I(x, y)|²+|W² ₂ _(j) I(x,y)|²)}{square root over (|W¹ ₂ _(j) I(x, y)|²+|W² ₂ _(j) I(x,y)|²)}. If the local maximum of M₂ _(j) I(x, y) are located and thresholded with a preset value, then the edge points of I(x,y) at scale 2^(j) can be detected. Since we are interested in specific feature points for scene registration, additional constraints have to be introduced. In general, noise is the main cause of false detection of edge points. In order to suppress the effect of noise, a criterion called edge correlation is introduced (step 32):

${{R_{n}\left( {j,x,y} \right)} = {\underset{i = 0}{\prod\limits^{n - 1}}{M_{2^{j + 1}}{I\left( {x,y} \right)}}}},$ where n is a positive integer indicating the number of scales involved in the multiplication, and j represents the initial scale for edge correlation. R_(n) reveals a peak whenever a true edge exists and is suppressed by the multiplication process if a point at location (x,y) is not a true edge. Thus, using the relationship for R_(n)(j, x, y) above, the noise in an image can be suppressed while the true edges can be retained. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of scales for multiplication is chosen to be 2. In order to conserve the energy level, R_(n)(j, x, y) should be normalized as follows:

${{{\overset{\_}{R}}_{n}\left( {j,x,y} \right)} = {{R_{n}\left( {j,x,y} \right)}\sqrt{\frac{{MP}(j)}{{RP}_{n}(j)}}}},$ where

${{MP}(j)} = {\sum\limits_{x,y}{{M_{2^{j}}\;{I\left( {x,y} \right)}}}^{2}}$ and

${{RP}_{n}(j)} = {\sum\limits_{x,y}{{{R_{n}\left( {j,x,y} \right)}}^{2}.}}$ During the feature point selection process, an edge point is recognized as a candidate if its corresponding normalized edge correlation R₂(j, x, y) is larger than its corresponding modulus value. Basically, the above mentioned process is equivalent to detecting an edge point with the strongest edge response in a local area. The three conditions which will be used to judge whether a point P(x,y) is a feature point or not are as follows:

-   -   Condition 1: P(x,y) must be an edge point of the image I(x,y).         This means that P(x,y) is a local maxima of M₂ _(j) I(x, y), and         M₂ _(j) I(x, y)>a threshold (step 34),     -   Condition 2: R ₂(1, x, y)>M₂ _(j) I(x, y) (step 36),     -   Condition 3:

${{M_{2^{j}}{I\left( {x,y} \right)}} = {\max\limits_{{({x,y})} \in N_{p}}\left\{ {M_{2^{j}}{I\left( {x,y} \right)}} \right\}}},$ where N_(p) is the neighborhood of P(x,y) (step 34).

Obtaining Initial Matches Using Edge Orientations and Cross Correlation

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, as part of step 12 of FIG. 1, a set of feature points is extracted using wavelet transform (step 31). Let FP_(I) _(a) ={p_(i)=(p_(x) ^(i), p_(y) ^(i))} and FP_(I) _(b) ={q_(i)=(q_(x) ^(i), q_(y) ^(i))} represent two sets of feature points extracted from two partially overlapping images I_(a) and I_(b) respectively. Assume that N_(I) _(a) and N_(I) _(b) represent the number of elements in the set of points FP_(I) _(a) and FP_(I) _(b) , respectively. Let. A(u) be the angle of an edge point u. A standard method for estimating the orientation of an edge-based feature point u at scale 2^(j) can be expressed as follows: Arg(W₂ _(j) ²I(x, y)+W₂ _(j) ²I(x, y)). However, the above representation can be very sensitive to noise. Therefore, an edge tracking technique plus a line-fitting model is used to solve the noise problem (step 41).

Let P be a feature point and N_(e) be its neighborhood. Since P is an edge point, there should exist an edge line passing through it. By considering P as a bridge point, an edge line passing through P can be determined by searching in all the directions from P. All the edge points on the edge are then used as candidates for determining the orientation of the edge line. During the searching process, the edge connection constraint and the direction consistency constraint are used to restrict the searching domain. The edge connection constraint means that if N_(e) contains another edge l but l does not pass P, all edge points in l will not be included in estimating the orientation of P. In certain cases, however, there will exist more than one edge line passing through P. In these cases, the first line detected is adopted to estimate the orientation. Let l₁ denote this line. The direction consistency constraint means all the edge points along other edge lines whose orientations are inconsistent with l₁ are not included to estimate the orientation of P. In this way, a set of edge points can be selected and then used to estimate the orientation of P using a line-fitting model. In other embodiments, other edge tracking technique can also be applied to provide a better estimation.

After the orientation is estimated, all feature points u will associate with an edge orientation A(u). For a feature point p_(i) in the set of points FP_(I) _(a) and q_(j) in the set of points FP_(I) _(b) , the orientation difference between them is calculated as follows (step 42): θ_(ij)=A(q_(j))−A(p_(i)). In fact, if p_(i) and q_(i) provide a good match, the value of θ_(ij) will be small since the orientation of image I_(a) is similar to that of I_(b). Assuming this is the case, step 14 (FIG. 1) is performed to eliminate impossible false matches in advance, avoiding many unnecessary correlation calculations.

For a feature point p_(i) in FP_(I) _(a) and a feature point q_(j) in FP_(I) _(b) , if they form a good match (step 44), the following condition will be satisfied: |A(p_(i))−A(q_(i))|<10°.   Condition 1: Adding this criterion will significantly speed up the search time. On the other hand, if p_(i) and q_(i) form a good match, the similarity degree between p_(i) and q_(i) should be larger. A cross-correlation which can be used to measure the similarity degree between p_(i) and q_(j) (step 46) and is defined as follows (step 32):

$\begin{matrix} {{{C\left( {p_{i};q_{j}} \right)} = {\frac{1}{\sigma_{i}{\sigma_{j}\left( {{2M} + 1} \right)}^{2}}{\underset{x,{y = {- M}}}{\sum\limits^{x,{y = M}}}{\left\lbrack {{I_{a}\left( {{x + p_{x}^{i}},{y + p_{y}^{i}}} \right)} - u_{i}} \right\rbrack\left\lbrack {{I_{b}\left( {{x + q_{x}^{i}},{y + q_{y}^{i}}} \right)} - u_{j}} \right\rbrack}}}},} & (5) \end{matrix}$

where u_(i) and u_(i)u_(j) are the local means of p_(i) and q_(j), respectively, σ_(i) and σ_(i) are the local variances of p_(i) and q_(j), respectively; and (2M+1)² represents the area of matching window. Based on this correlation measure, a pair {p_(i)

_(q) _(j)} is qualified as a possible matching pair if the following conditions are satisfied (step 33):

${{\text{Condition~~2:~~}{C_{I_{a}I_{b}}\left( {p_{i};q_{j}} \right)}} = {\underset{q_{k} \in {FP}_{I_{b}}}{Max}{C\left( {p_{i};q_{k}} \right)}}},{{\text{Condition~~3:~~}{C_{I_{a}I_{b}}\left( {p_{i};q_{j}} \right)}} = {\underset{p_{k} \in {FP}_{I_{a}}}{Max}{C\left( {p_{k};q_{i}} \right)}}},$ and C_(i) _(a) _(I) _(b) (p_(i);q_(j))>T_(e), where T_(c)=0.65 (step 35).   Condition 4: Condition 2 means that given a feature point p_(i) it is desired to find a point q_(i)εFP_(I) _(b) such that a the value of C_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) (p_(i);q_(j)) is maximized for all points q_(k)εFP_(I) _(b) . Condition 3 means that given a feature points q_(i), it is desired to find a point p_(i)εFP_(I) _(a) such that the value of C_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) (p_(i);q_(j)) is maximized. If only Condition 2 is used, it is possible that several points p_(i) match with single point q_(j). Conversely, if only Condition 3 is used, several points q_(j) possibly will match with single point p_(i). As for Condition 3, it forces the value of C_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) of a matching pair to be larger than a threshold. In a preferred implementation, the orientation constraint will be checked first. If the constraint is not satisfied, it is not necessary to check Conditions 2, 3, and 4. In this way, only a few pairs are needed to calculate the cross-correlation measure C_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) , which is considered a time bottleneck of the whole process.

Eliminating False Matches through Relaxation

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, a set of reliable matching pairs is obtained through relaxation. Let MP_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) ={p_(i)

q_(i)}_(i=1, 2 . . .) be the set of matching pairs which satisfy Conditions 1, 2, 3, and 4 above, where p_(i) is a point in image I_(a)(x, y) and q_(i) is another point in image I_(b)(x, y). Let Ne_(I) _(a) (p_(k)) and Ne_(I) _(b) (q_(k)) denote the neighbors of p_(k) and q_(k) within an area of radius R, respectively. Assume that NP_(p) _(i) _(q) _(j) ={n_(k) ¹

n_(k) ²}_(k=1, 2 . . .) is the set of matching pairs, where n_(k) ¹εNe_(I) _(a) (p_(i)), n_(k) ²εNe_(I) _(b) (q_(j)), and all elements of NP_(p) _(i) _(q) _(j) belong to MP_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) . The proposed method is based on a concept that if {p_(i)

q_(i)} and {p_(j)

q_(j)} provide a pair of good matches, the distance between p_(i) and p_(j) should be similar to the one between q_(i) and q_(j). Based on this assumption, we can measure the quality of a matching pair {p_(i)

q_(i)} according to how many matches {n_(j) ¹

n_(j) ²} in NP_(P) _(i) _(q) _(j) whose distance d(p_(i), n_(j) ¹) is similar to the distance d(q_(i), n_(j) ²), where d(u_(i), u_(j))=|u_(i)−u_(j)∥, the Euclidean distance between two points u_(i) and u_(j). With this concept, the measure of the quality of a match {p_(i)

q_(i)} is defined as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{{G_{I_{a}I_{b}}(i)} = {\sum\limits_{{\{{n_{k}^{i}\Leftrightarrow n_{k}^{2}}\}} \in {NP}_{Pi4i}}\frac{r\left( {i,k} \right)}{1 + {{dist}\left( {i,k} \right)}}}},} & (6) \end{matrix}$ where

${{{dist}\left( {i,k} \right)} = {\left\lbrack {{d\left( {p_{i},n_{k}^{1}} \right)} + {d\left( {q_{i},n_{k}^{2}} \right)}} \right\rbrack/2}},{{r\left( {i,k} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {\mathbb{e}}^{{- {u{({i,k})}}}/T_{1}} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu}{\mu\left( {i,k} \right)}} < T_{2}} \\ {0,} & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.}$ with the two predefined thresholds

${T_{1}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} T_{2}},{{{and}\mspace{14mu}{u\left( {i,k} \right)}} = {\frac{{\left. {{d\text{(p}_{i}},r_{k}^{1}} \right) - {d\left( {q_{i},r_{k}^{2}} \right)}}}{{dist}\left( {i,k} \right)}.}}$ The contribution of a pair {n_(k) ¹

n_(k) ²} in NP_(p) _(i) _(q) _(i) monotonically decreases based on the value of dist(i,k). Further, if the value of u(i,k) is larger than the threshold T₂, the contribution of {n_(k) ¹

n_(k) ²} is set to zero.

Referring to FIG. 5, after the quality of match of each pair {p_(i)

q_(i)} in MP_(I) _(a) ^(,I) _(b) (step 51), relative quality value of each pair is obtained to G_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) (i) to further eliminate false matches (step 51). Now, based on the quality value of each candidate match, a relaxation technique is used to eliminate false candidates for further registration. If we define the energy function as follow:

$F = {\sum\limits_{{{p_{i}\Leftrightarrow q_{i}}}|{\in {MP}_{I_{a}I_{b}}}}{G_{I_{a}{I_{b}{(i)}}}.}}$ then the relaxation procedure can be formulated as follow:

 Iterate {   -Compute the quality for each candidate match   -Choose the best possible candidates for minimizing F   according to the quality value G_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) (i). } until F converges. There are several strategies for updating the matching candidates. In one application an update strategy, referred to here as “some-looser-take-nothing” is used to update the matching candidates (step 52). First, according to the quality value of G_(I) _(a) _(I) _(b) (i), we sort each element of MP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) is sorted in increasing order (step 52). Then, a predetermined percentage Q% of matches in are eliminated as the impossible matches. Thus, the remaining (100−Q%) of matches are selected as potential matches for further relaxation (step 54). In our implementation, Q is set to 25. Three iterations are generally sufficient for achieving relaxation (step 53).

On the other hand, in order to make the matching results more reliable, the method includes an “angle consistency” constraint (step 53) within the first iteration of the relaxation process to further eliminate impossible matching pairs. That is, if {p_(i)

q_(i)} and {p_(j)

q_(j)} are well matched, the angle between {right arrow over (p_(i)p_(j))} and {right arrow over (q_(i)q_(j))} must be close to zero. In this case, during this first iteration, for each element {p_(i)

q_(i)} in MP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) , a counter CA_(i) is used to record the number of matches {p_(k)

q_(k)} in MP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) where the angle between {right arrow over (p_(i)p_(k))} and {right arrow over (q_(i)q_(k))} is less than a predefined threshold θ. According to the value of CA_(i), the elements of MP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) are sorted in increasing order. The first Q% of matches in MP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) are considered to be impossible matches.

Obtaining the Desired Offset from Matches

After applying the relaxation process, a set of reliable matches is obtained. Referring to FIG. 1, the method uses a “voting” concept to derive a desired offset from the set of reliable matching pairs. For example, assume that this set is CP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) ={u_(i)

v_(i)}_(i=1, 2 . . . Ne), where N_(e) is the total number of elements in CP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) . In general, the 2-D point sets {u_(i)} and {v_(i)} satisfy the following relation: v_(i)=u_(i)+T, for i=1,2,3 . . . , N_(e), where T is the desired solution. However, in real cases, different pairs {u_(i)

v_(i)} will lead to different offsets T_(i). Therefore, a voting technique is used to measure the quality of different solutions T_(i). Let S(i) denote a counter which records the number of solutions T_(k) consistent with T_(i). Two solutions T_(i) and T_(k) are said to be consistent if the distance between T_(i) and T_(k) is less than a predefined threshold. Since there are N_(e) elements in CP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) , the total number of consistency tests will be N_(e)(N_(e)−1)/2. After applying the consistency test, the offset T associated with the maximum value of S(i) is chosen as the desired solution.

Note that due to noise and image quality, the positions of feature points will not be precisely located and the accuracy of T is affected. In practical implementation, the y-component T_(y) of T is generally affected more then T_(x) . Therefore, the following method is proposed to refine and correct the solution of T_(y) for the y-component. Let {u

v} be the matching pair of CP_(I) _(a) _(,I) _(b) having the highest quality value. Given point u and the offset T, the refined offset can be found by searching the local neighborhood of the point (u+ T) in another image I_(h) using the correlation technique. However, if there is little texture information within the local neighborhood of the point u, the above approach will not necessarily provide a satisfactory solution. Let

${g_{x}(k)} = {\underset{i = 1}{\sum\limits^{5}}{{{I_{a}\left( {{u_{x} + i},k} \right)} - {I_{b}\left( {{u_{x} - i},k} \right)}}}}$ be the horizontal gradient of the point (u_(x),k) in I_(h), where u_(x) is the x-coordinate of u. Instead of using the starting point u directly, we use another starting point ū for refining the desired offset T by searching the point ū whose a horizontal gradient g_(x) is largest along a column of pixels with the same x-coordinate u_(x). Based on the starting point ū, the final offset can then be accurately obtained with the correlation technique.

Rendering the Final Panoramic Image

In general, when stitching two adjacent images, discontinuities of intensity exist between their common areas. Therefore, step 17 of FIG. 1 is used to eliminate such intensity discontinuities. The scheme used in step 17 can be divided into two stages. The first stage is used to adjust the intensities of two adjacent images such that their intensities are similar. The second stage is used to blend their image intensities according to a distance measure such that the final composite image appears smooth. Assume I_(a) and I_(b) are two adjacent images with their widths in w_(a) and w_(b), respectively. Let ΔI be the average intensity difference between the overlapping area

of I_(a) and I_(b), that is,

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta I} = {\frac{1}{A}{\sum\limits_{i \in A}\left( {{I_{b}\left( {q(i)} \right)} - {I_{a}\left( {p(i)} \right)}} \right)}}},} & (7) \end{matrix}$ where A is the overlapping area of I_(a) and I_(b), |A| is the number of pixels in A, p(i) is a pixel in I_(a), and q(i) is its corresponding pixel in I_(b).

In particular, referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, the gap of average intensity between I_(a) and I_(b) is about ΔI. According to ΔI, w_(a), and w_(b), the first stage is used to adjust the intensities of I_(a) and I_(b) as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{{I_{a}\left( {p\left( {x,y} \right)} \right)} = {{I_{a}\left( {p\left( {x,y} \right)} \right)} + {x\;\frac{\Delta\; I}{2\; w_{1}}}}},} & (8) \end{matrix}$ and

$\begin{matrix} {{I_{b}\left( {q\left( {x,y} \right)} \right)} = {{I_{b}\left( {q\left( {x,y} \right)} \right)} + {\left( {x - w_{2}} \right)\;{\frac{\Delta I}{2w_{2}}.}}}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

After this adjusting step, the intensities of I_(a) and I_(b) in FIG. 6(a) will be gradually changed to approach the intensity line EF shown in FIG. 6(b), thereby bringing the intensities between I_(a) and I_(b) closer. As will be described below, in order to further smooth the intensity discontinuity between I_(a) and I_(b), a blending technique is then applied.

The second stage uses a ray-casting method to blend different pixel intensities together. Referring to FIG. 7, p_(i) is a pixel in I_(a), q_(i) is its corresponding pixel in I_(h), and I_(a) and I_(h) are two boundary lines in I_(a) and I_(h), respectively. With p_(i) and q_(i), the intensity of the corresponding pixel r_(i) in the composite image I can be obtained as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{I\left( r_{i} \right)} = \frac{{d_{b}^{t}{I_{a}\left( p_{i} \right)}} + {d_{a}^{t}{I_{b}\left( q_{i} \right)}}}{d_{a}^{t} + d_{b}^{t}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$ Where d_(a) is the distance between p_(i) and I_(a), d_(h) the distance between q_(i) and I_(h), and t is an adjustable parameter. Using Equation (10), the intensities in I_(a) are gradually changed to approach the intensities of pixels in I_(h) such that the final composite image I looks very smooth. In fact, if the blending area is chosen too large, a “ghostlike” effect will occur, particularly when moving objects in the common overlapping area exist between I_(a) and I_(b). However, since the intensities of I_(a) and I_(b) have been adjusted, the blending width can be chosen small such that the so-called ghostlike effect is significantly reduced. In one preferred embodiment, the blending width is chosen as one-third of the original width of the overlapping area.

Architecture for Implementation

Referring to FIG. 8, one preferred architecture for implementing the real-time stitcher apparatus, described above, includes input devices 60 (e.g., digital cameras or scanners) to acquire a series of panoramic images. Then, the panoramic images are stored into external storage 62 such as hard disks for further processing or being directly provided to one or more microprocessors 64 for stitching. The microprocessors 64 perform the stitching including warping, feature extraction, edge orientation estimation, correlation calculation, relaxation, rendering and blending the final panoramic images, etc. All the temporary data are stored in the system RAM memory to speed up stitching. Finally, the stitching result is sent to the display engine for displaying. In many applications this architecture can be implemented using a general personal computer.

Performance of the Invention

Referring to FIG. 9, to analyze the performance of the real-time stitcher apparatus, described above, a series of original panoramic images 9a-9e captured by a rotated camera were provided.

Referring to FIG. 10, the stitched panoramic image obtained by our proposed method is shown. In addition, if moving objects in two adjacent images exist, the proposed method can significantly minimize ghost-like effects. FIG. 11 shows two adjacent images with moving objects. The posture of the man in (a) is clearly different from the one in (b). Besides, large intensity differences exist between them. In order to smooth such large intensity differences, the blending width should be chosen to be large. However, with a large area, the ghost-like effect will appear in the final composite image (see FIG. 12(a)). Contrary to the previous technique, with our proposed blending technique, since the intensities of input images have been adjusted before blending, the blending width can be chosen smaller. Therefore, the ghostlike effect is significantly lessened, the quality of (b) is clearly improved over the quality shown in FIG. 12(a). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of merging a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image comprising: extracting a set of feature points along the edges of the images, each feature point defining an edge orientations orientation, wherein extracting the set of feature points along the edges of the images includes applying wavelet transforms to the images; obtaining a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images; and rendering a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the initial set of matching pairs feature points includes a relaxation technique, including the steps of: calculating the edge orientation of each feature point; comparing the an orientation difference between the matching pair; calculating the a value of correlation of the matching pair; and comparing the value of correlation with a predefined threshold.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting the set of feature points, includes: calculating an edge correlation for each image; locating the a feature point whose edge response is the a maxima within a window; comparing the maxima with a predefined threshold.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the set of reliable registration parameters, comprises: determining an initial set of matching pairs for registration; calculating a quality value for the initial set of matching pairs; updating the matching result according to the quality value of the match; imposing an angle consistency constraint to filter out impossible matches; and using a voting technique to obtain the registration parameters.
 5. The method of claims 1, wherein rendering the seamless panoramic image comprises: dynamically adjusting the intensity differences between adjacent images; and properly blending the an intensity difference between consecutive images.
 6. A system for merging a pair of images to form a panoramic image comprising: an image device which, in operation, acquires a series of the images; a storage for storing the series of images: a memory which stores computer code; and at least one processor which executes the computer code to: extract different sets of feature points along the edges of each input image, each feature point defining an edge orientation; extract a set of feature points along the edges of the images by applying wavelet formations to the images, each feature point defining an edge of orientation; obtain a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images; and render a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor extracts the set of feature points, including: calculating an edge correlation for each image; locating the a feature point whose edge response is the a maxima within a window; comparing the maxima with a predefined threshold.
 8. An apparatus for merging a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image comprising: means for extracting a set of feature points along the edges of the images, one or more feature point defining an edge orientations, wherein said means for extracting the set of feature points along the edges of the images includes means for applying wavelet transforms to the images; means for obtaining a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images; and means for rendering a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.
 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said obtaining means for obtaining a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points comprises: means for calculating the edge orientation of one or more feature points; means for comparing the orientation difference between the matching pair; means for calculating the value of correlation of the matching pair; and means for comparing the value of correlation with a predefined threshold.
 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said obtaining means comprises: means for calculating an edge correlation for one or more images; means for locating the feature point whose edge response is a maxima within a window; and means for comparing the maxima with a predefined threshold.
 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein said obtaining means comprises: means for determining an initial set of matching pairs for registration; means for calculating a quality value for the initial set of matching pairs; means for updating the matching result according to the quality value of the match; means for imposing an angle consistency constraint to filter out impossible matches; and means for using a voting technique to obtain the registration parameters.
 12. An apparatus as claimed in claims 8, wherein said rendering comprises: means for dynamically adjusting the intensity differences between adjacent images; and means for properly blending the intensity difference between consecutive images.
 13. An article of manufacture comprising a storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, if executed, result in merging of a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image by: extracting a set of feature points along the edges of the images, each feature point defining an edge orientations, wherein extracting the set of feature points along the edges of the images includes applying wavelet transforms to the images; obtaining a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images; and rendering a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.
 14. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in merging of a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image by: calculating the edge orientation of one or more feature points; comparing the orientation difference between the matching pair; calculating the value of correlation of the matching pair; and comparing the value of correlation with a predefined threshold.
 15. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in merging of a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image by: calculating an edge correlation for each image; locating the feature point whose edge response is a maxima within a window; and comparing the maxima with a predefined threshold.
 16. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 13, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in merging of a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image by: determining an initial set of matching pairs for registration; calculating a quality value for the initial set of matching pairs; updating the matching result according to the quality value of the match; imposing an angle consistency constraint to filter out impossible matches; and using a voting technique to obtain the registration parameters.
 17. An article of manufacture as claimed in claims 13, wherein the instructions, if executed, further result in merging of a different pair of images to form a seamless panoramic image by: dynamically adjusting the intensity differences between adjacent images; and properly blending the intensity difference between consecutive images.
 18. A system for merging a pair of images to form a panoramic image comprising: a memory capable of storing one or more images acquired from an image device; and at least one processor coupled to said memory, said processor being capable of: extracting a set of feature points along the edges of the images by applying wavelet formations to the images, one or more feature point defining an edge of orientation; obtaining a set of registration parameters by determining an initial set of feature points from a first one of the images which matches a set of feature points of a second one of the images; and rendering a seamless panoramic image using the first and second images with the set of registration parameters.
 19. The system as claimed in claim 18, wherein said processor is further capable of: calculating an edge correlation for each image; locating the feature point whose edge response is a maxima within a window; and comparing the maxima with a predefined threshold.
 20. The system as claimed in claim 18, wherein said processor is further capable of: determining an initial set of matching pairs for registration; calculating a quality value for the initial set of matching pairs; updating the matching result according to the quality value of the match; imposing an angle consistency constraint to filter out impossible matches; and using a voting technique to obtain the registration parameters. 